1. He aha tepūmuaāwhina tukatuka? He aha tāna mahi?
Whakautu: Ko ngā tāpiringa he momo matū āwhina e hiahiatia ana kia tāpirihia ki ētahi rauemi me ngā hua i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, tukatuka rānei hei whakapai ake i ngā tukanga whakaputa me te whakarei ake i te mahi a te hua. I roto i te tukanga tukatuka i ngā kapia me te rapa mata hei kirihou me ngā hua rapa, e hiahiatia ana ngā momo matū āwhina.
Mahi: ① Whakapai ake i te mahi tukanga o ngā pūmua, arotau i ngā āhuatanga tukatuka, me te tuku i te pai o te tukatuka; ② Whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā hua, whakarei ake i tō rātou uara me te roa o te ora.
2. He aha te hototahitanga i waenga i ngā tāpiringa me ngā pūmua? He aha te tikanga o te rehu me te werawera?
Whakautu: Te whakapūhui rehu – te whakapūngatanga o ngā tāpiringa totoka; Te werawera – te whakapūngatanga o ngā tāpiringa wai.
Ko te hototahitanga i waenga i ngā tāpiringa me ngā pūmua e pā ana ki te kaha o ngā tāpiringa me ngā pūmua ki te whakaranu ōrite mō te wā roa, me te kore e puta he wehenga ā-wāhanga me te maturuturunga iho;
3. He aha te mahi a ngā mea whakapūkara?
Whakautu: Mā te ngoikore o ngā hononga tuarua i waenga i ngā ngota pūmua, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kaha van der Waals, ka nui ake te nekenekehanga o ngā mekameka pūmua, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki tō rātou tioata.
4. He aha i pai ake ai te ātete o te polystyrene ki te waikura i te polypropylene?
Whakautu: Ka whakakapia te H kore pumau e tētahi rōpū phenyl nui, ā, ko te take kāore te PS e ngāwari ki te koroheketanga he pānga tiaki a te mowhiti benzene ki te H; kei roto i te PP te hauwai tuatoru, ā, he ngāwari ki te koroheketanga.
5. He aha ngā take mō te wera kore pumau o te PVC?
Whakautu: ① Kei roto i te hanganga mekameka ngota ngā toenga tīmatanga me te allyl chloride, e whakahohe ana i ngā rōpū mahi. Ka whakaitihia e te here takirua o te rōpū mutunga te pumau wera; ② Ka tere ake te tangohanga o te HCL i te wā e pakaru ana te PVC i te wera; ③ He pānga whakatere te HCl i puta mai i te tauhohenga ki te pakaru o te PVC; ④ Te awe o te horopeta plasticizer.
6. E ai ki ngā hua rangahau o nāianei, he aha ngā mahi matua a ngā mea whakau wera?
Whakautu: ① Te mimiti me te whakakore i te HCL, te aukati i tōna pānga whakatere aunoa; ② Te whakakapi i ngā ngota allyl chloride kore pumau i roto i ngā ngota PVC hei aukati i te tangohanga o te HCl; ③ Ka whakararuraru ngā tauhohenga tāpiri me ngā hanganga polyene i te hanganga o ngā pūnaha honohono nui me te whakaiti i te tae; ④ Te hopu i ngā rauropi kore utu me te aukati i ngā tauhohenga waikura; ⑤ Te whakakore, te whakakore rānei i ngā katote whakarewa, i ētahi atu matū kino rānei e whakatere ana i te pirau; ⑥ He pānga tiaki, he parepare, he ngoikore hoki ki te hihi ultraviolet.
7. He aha te take e tino kino ai te hihi ultraviolet ki ngā polymer?
Whakautu: He roa, he kaha hoki ngā ngaru ultraviolet, ā, ka motu te nuinga o ngā hononga matū polymer.
8. He aha te momo pūnaha synergistic e pā ana ki te intumescent flame retardant, ā, he aha tōna kaupapa matua me tana mahi?
Whakautu: Nō te pūnaha honohono hauota whākawa ngā aukati mura intumescent.
Tikanga: Ina whakamahanahia te pūmua kei roto te ārai mura, ka taea te hanga i tētahi paparanga pahuka waro ōrite ki runga i tōna mata. He pai te ārai mura o te paparanga nā te mea he ārai wera, he wehe hāora, he pehi paoa, he ārai maturuturu hoki.
9. He aha te taupū hāora, ā, he aha te whanaungatanga i waenga i te rahi o te taupū hāora me te ātete mura?
Whakautu: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, ko O2 te tere rere o te hāora; N2: Te tere rere o te hauota. Ko te taupū hāora e pā ana ki te ōrau iti rawa o te hāora e hiahiatia ana i roto i te rere o te hauota i roto i te ranunga hāora ina taea e tētahi tauira kua whakaritea te mura tonu me te pumau pērā i te rama. He mura te OI<21, ko te OI he 22-25 me ngā āhuatanga tinei-ā-unoa, he uaua ki te mura te 26-27, ā, he tino uaua ki te mura i runga ake i te 28.
10. He pēhea te whakaatu a te pūnaha ārai mura antimony halide i ngā pānga mahi tahi?
Whakautu: Ko te Sb2O3 te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te antimony, ko ngā halide waro ia e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā halide. Ka whakamahia te Sb2O3/mīhini me ngā halide nā te taunekeneke ki te hauwai halide i tukuna e ngā halide.
Ā, ka pakaru te hua mā te wera hei SbCl3, he hau pūngāwerewere me te iti o te pāmahana koropupū. He nui te mātotoru whanaunga o tēnei hau, ā, ka taea te noho roa ki te rohe mura hei whakawai i ngā hau mura, hei wehe i te hau, hei aukati hoki i ngā olefin; Tuarua, ka taea e ia te hopu i ngā rauropi kore mura hei pehi i ngā mura. Hei tāpiri, ka whakapūmau a SbCl3 hei matūriki totoka rite ki te pata i runga i te mura, ā, ka marara te wera nui nā tōna pānga pakitara, ka whakaroa, ka aukati rānei i te tere mura. I te nuinga o te wā, he pai ake te ōwehenga 3:1 mō ngā ngota chlorine ki ngā ngota konganuku.
11. E ai ki ngā rangahau o nāianei, he aha ngā tikanga mahi a ngā ārai mura?
Whakautu: ① Ko ngā hua pirau o ngā mea ārai mura i te pāmahana tahunga ka hanga he kiriata angiangi karāhe kore-pohehe, kore-waikura, ka taea te wehe i te pūngao whakaata hau, te iti rānei o te kawe wera.
② Ka pirau ngā mea ārai mura i te wera hei whakaputa i ngā hau kore e mura, ā, ka whakawaiwai i ngā hau mura, ka whakawaiwai hoki i te kukū o te hāora i roto i te rohe mura; ③ Ka mimiti te wera i te whakarewatanga me te pirau o ngā mea ārai mura, ā, ka pau te wera;
④ Ka whakatairangahia e ngā ārai mura te hanganga o tētahi paparanga whakamahana pūwero ki runga i te mata o ngā kirihou, ka ārai i te kawe wera me te mura atu.
12. He aha te take e pāngia ai te kirihou e te hiko pateko i te wā e tukatukahia ana, e whakamahia ana rānei?
Whakautu: Nā te mea he hononga honohono te nuinga o ngā mekameka ngota o te pūmua matua, kāore e taea te whakakoi, te whakawhiti rānei i ngā irahiko. I te wā e tukatukahia ana, e whakamahia ana hoki ōna hua, ina pā atu ki ētahi atu mea, ki a ia anō rānei, ka utua ia nā te whiwhinga, te ngaronga rānei o ngā irahiko, ā, he uaua ki te ngaro atu i te arataki-ā-roto.
13. He aha ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga ngota ngota o ngā matū ārai-pūmau?
Whakautu: RYX R: rōpū oleophilic, Y: rōpū hononga, X: rōpū hydrophilic. I roto i ō rātou ngota, me whai taurite tika i waenga i te rōpū oleophilic kore-porowhita me te rōpū hydrophilic porowhita, ā, me whai hototahitanga ki ngā rauemi polymer. Ko ngā rōpū alkyl i runga ake i te C12 he rōpū oleophilic noa, ko ngā hononga hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, me te ether he rōpū hydrophilic noa.
14. Whakaahuahia pototia te tikanga mahi a ngā matū ārai-pūmau.
Whakautu: Tuatahi, ka hangaia e ngā kaihoko anti-static he kiriata tonu e arahi ana ki te mata o te rauemi, ka taea te whakawhiwhi i te mata o te hua ki tētahi taumata o te hygroscopicity me te ionization, ka whakaiti i te ātete o te mata, ka tere te turuturu o ngā utu static i hangaia, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te anti-static; ko te tuarua ko te whakawhiwhi i te mata o te rauemi ki tētahi taumata o te hinu, te whakaiti i te tauwehenga waku, ā, ka pehi me te whakaiti i te whakaputanga o ngā utu static.
① Ko ngā matū ārai-pūmau o waho e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakarewa, hei whakamarara rānei ki te wai, ki te waipiro, ki ētahi atu matū whakarewa rauropi rānei. Ina whakamahia ngā matū ārai-pūmau hei whakakī i ngā rauemi polymer, ka piri pūmau te wāhanga wai-pūmau o te matū ārai-pūmau ki te mata o te rauemi, ā, ka mimiti te wāhanga wai-pūmau i te wai mai i te hau, ka hanga he paparanga kawe hiko ki te mata o te rauemi, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakakore i te hiko pūmau;
② Ka konatunatua te kaihoko ārai-pūmau ā-roto ki roto i te whāriki pūmua i te wā e tukatukahia ana te kirihou, kātahi ka heke ki te mata o te pūmua hei mahi ārai-pūmau;
③ Ko te matū ārai-pūmau pūhui whakakotahi he tikanga e whakaranu ana i ngā pūhui wai-aro ki roto i te pūhui hei hanga i ngā hongere arataki e arataki ana, e tuku ana hoki i ngā utu pūmau.
15. He aha ngā huringa e puta ana i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te rapa i muri i te whakamomona?
Whakautu: ① Kua huri te rapa whakamomona mai i te hanganga rārangi ki te hanganga whatunga toru-ahu; ② Kāore e rere te wera; ③ Kāore e wairewa i roto i tana whakarewa pai; ④ Kua pai ake te modulus me te pakeke; ⑤ Kua pai ake ngā āhuatanga miihini; ⑥ Kua pai ake te ātete ki te koroheketanga me te pumau matū; ⑦ Tērā pea ka heke te mahi a te rauemi.
16. He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te whanariki whanariki me te whanariki kaituku whanariki?
Whakautu: ① Te whakamomona whanariki: He maha ngā here whanariki, he ātete wera, he iti te ātete koroheketanga, he pai te ngāwari, ā, he nui te whakarerekētanga pumau; ② Te kaituku whanariki: He maha ngā here whanariki takitahi, he pai te ātete wera me te ātete koroheketanga.
17. He aha te mahi a te kaiwhakatairanga whakamomona?
Whakautu: Whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā hua rapa, whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakapai ake i te mahi. Ngā matū ka taea te whakatairanga i te whakamomona. Ka taea e ia te whakapoto i te wā whakamomona, te whakaheke i te pāmahana whakamomona, te whakaiti i te nui o te kaihoko whakamomona, me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te rapa.
18. Te āhua o te tahunga: e pā ana ki te āhua o te whakamomona wawe o ngā rauemi rapa i te wā e tukatukahia ana.
19. Whakaahuahia pototia te mahi me ngā momo matua o ngā matū whakapūkara
Whakautu: Ko te mahi a te kaiwhakaoho he whakarei ake i te mahi a te whakateretere, he whakaiti i te horopeta o te whakateretere, he whakapoto hoki i te wā whakamomona.
Kaihoko hohe: he matū ka taea te whakanui ake i te mahi a ngā whakateretere waro, kia taea ai e rātou te whakamahi katoa i tōna whai huatanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te nui o ngā whakateretere e whakamahia ana, ka whakapotohia rānei te wā whakamomona. Ko ngā kaihoko hohe e wehea ana kia rua ngā wāhanga: ngā kaihoko hohe kore-waro me ngā kaihoko hohe waro. Ko ngā matū whakamomona kore-waro ko ngā waikura konganuku, ngā hauwaiwai, me ngā kāponāte taketake; ko ngā matū whakamomona waro ko ngā waikawa ngako, ngā amine, ngā hopi, ngā polyol, me ngā waipiro amino. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi iti o te whakahohe ki te matū rapa ka taea te whakapai ake i tōna taumata whakamomona.
1) Ngā matū hohe kore-waro: ko ngā waikura konganuku te nuinga;
2) Ngā matū hohe waro: ko ngā waikawa ngako te nuinga.
Kia tūpato: ① Ka taea te whakamahi i te ZnO hei kaiwhakapūkara waikura whakarewa hei hono i te rapa halogenated; ② Ka taea e te ZnO te whakapai ake i te ātete wera o te rapa whakapūkara.
20. He aha ngā pānga muri o ngā whakateretere, ā, he aha ngā momo whakateretere he pānga muri pai?
Whakautu: Ki raro iho i te pāmahana whakamomona, e kore e puta te whakamomona wawe. Ina tae ki te pāmahana whakamomona, he teitei te mahi whakamomona, ā, ka kiia tēnei āhuatanga ko te pānga muri o te whakateretere. He pai ngā pānga muri o ngā sulfonamides.
21. Te whakamāramatanga o ngā hinu whakahinuhinu me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu o roto me o waho?
Whakautu: Hinu whakahinuhinu – he tāpiringa ka taea te whakapai ake i te waku me te piri i waenga i ngā matūriki kirihou me te mata rewa me te mata whakarewa o ngā taputapu tukatuka, te whakanui ake i te rere o te kapia, te whakatutuki i te wā whakakirikiri kapia ka taea te whakarite, me te pupuri tonu i te whakaputanga, e kiia ana ko te hinu whakahinuhinu.
Ka taea e ngā hinu whakahinuhinu o waho te whakanui ake i te whakahinuhinu o ngā mata kirihou i te wā e tukatukahia ana, te whakaiti i te kaha piri i waenga i ngā mata kirihou me te mata whakarewa, me te whakaiti i te kaha kutikuti ā-mīhini, kia tutuki ai te whāinga kia tino māmā te tukatuka me te kore e kino ngā āhuatanga o ngā kirihou. Ka taea e ngā hinu whakahinuhinu o roto te whakaiti i te waku o roto o ngā polymer, te whakanui ake i te tere rewa me te whakarerekētanga rewa o ngā kirihou, te whakaiti i te matotoru rewa, me te whakapai ake i te mahi whakakirihou.
Te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā hinu whakahinuhinu ā-roto me ā-waho: Me pai te hototahi o ngā hinu whakahinuhinu ā-roto ki ngā pūmua, me whakaiti i te waku i waenga i ngā mekameka ngota, me whakapai ake i te rere o te wai; ā, me whai taumata hototahi ngā hinu whakahinuhinu o waho ki ngā pūmua hei whakaiti i te waku i waenga i ngā pūmua me ngā mata mīhini.
22. He aha ngā āhuatanga e whakatau ana i te kaha o te pānga whakapakari o ngā whakakī?
Whakautu: Ko te nui o te pānga whakapakari ka whakawhirinaki ki te hanganga matua o te kirihou tonu, te nui o ngā matūriki whakakī, te horahanga me te rahi o te mata, te ngohe o te mata, te rahi me te tohatoha o te matūriki, te hanganga wāhanga, me te whakakotahitanga me te marara o ngā matūriki i roto i ngā pūmua. Ko te mea tino nui ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te whakakī me te paparanga atanga i hangaia e ngā mekameka pūmua pūmua, tae atu ki ngā kaha ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei e pā ana ki te mata o te matūriki ki ngā mekameka pūmua, tae atu ki te whakatiotanga me te whakatakotoranga o ngā mekameka pūmua i roto i te paparanga atanga.
23. He aha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kaha o ngā kirihou whakapakari?
Whakautu: ① Ka tīpakohia te kaha o te matū whakapakari kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga; ② Ka taea te whakatutuki i te kaha o ngā pūmua taketake mā te tīpako me te whakarerekē i ngā pūmua; ③ Te hononga mata i waenga i ngā mea hanga kirihou me ngā pūmua taketake; ④ Ngā rauemi whakahaere mō ngā rauemi whakapakari.
24. He aha te mea he ākena honohono, ōna āhuatanga hanganga ngota, me tētahi tauira hei whakaatu i te tikanga mahi.
Whakautu: Ko ngā kaihopu hononga e pā ana ki tētahi momo matū ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga atanga i waenga i ngā whakakī me ngā rauemi polymer.
E rua ngā momo rōpū mahi i roto i tōna hanganga ngota: ka taea e tetahi te whai i ngā tauhohenga matū me te matrix polymer, i te iti rawa he hototahi pai; ka taea e tētahi atu momo te hanga hononga matū me ngā whakakī kore-waro. Hei tauira, ko te kaihoko hononga silane, ko te tātai whānui ka taea te tuhi hei RSiX3, ko R he rōpū mahi hohe me te hononga me te tauhohenga ki ngā ngota polymer, pērā i te vinyl chloropropyl, te epoxy, te methacryl, te amino, me ngā rōpū thiol. Ko X he rōpū alkoxy ka taea te hydrolyze, pērā i te methoxy, te ethoxy, me ētahi atu.
25. He aha te mea e whakapūpū ana i te huka?
Whakautu: Ko te kaihohu he momo matū ka taea te hanga i tētahi hanganga moroiti o te rapa, te kirihou rānei i roto i te āhua wai, kirihou rānei i roto i tētahi awhe matotoru.
Kaihoko pahuka ā-tinana: he momo matū e tutuki ai ngā whāinga pahuka mā te whakawhirinaki ki ngā huringa o tōna āhua ā-tinana i te wā o te tukanga pahuka;
Kaihoko pahuka matū: I tētahi pāmahana, ka pirau i roto i te wera hei whakaputa i tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā hau, ka puta te pahuka polymer.
26. He aha ngā āhuatanga o te matū kore-waro me te matū waro i roto i te pirau o ngā kaihoko pahuka?
Whakautu: Ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā kaihoko pahuka waro: ① he pai te horapa i roto i ngā pūmua; ② He whaiti te awhe pāmahana pirau, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere; ③ Kāore te hau N2 i hangaia e tahuna, e pahū, e ngāwari te waimeha, he iti te tere horapa, ā, he uaua ki te mawhiti atu i te pahuka, ka hua ake he tere kakahu teitei; ④ Ka hua ake he pūkahukahu iti i ngā matūriki iti; ⑤ He maha ngā momo; ⑥ I muri i te pahuka, he nui ngā toenga, i ētahi wā ka eke ki te 70% -85%. Ka taea e ēnei toenga te whakaputa haunga, te whakapoke i ngā rauemi pūmua, te whakaputa rānei i te āhua hukapapa o te mata; ⑦ I te wā pirau, he tauhohenga exothermic te nuinga. Mena he nui rawa te wera pirau o te kaihoko pahuka e whakamahia ana, ka puta pea he pikinga pāmahana nui i roto me waho o te pūnaha pahuka i te wā o te tukanga pahuka, i ētahi wā ka hua ake he pāmahana ā-roto teitei, ka kino hoki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te pūmua. Ko ngā kaihoko pahuka waro he rauemi mura te nuinga, ā, me aro ki te ārai ahi i te wā rokiroki me te whakamahinga.
27. He aha te mahi whakairoiro tae?
Whakautu: He rauemi whakakotahi i hangaia mā te utaina ōrite o ngā tae, ngā tae rānei ki roto i te kapia; Ngā wāhanga taketake: ngā tae, ngā kaikawe, ngā mea whakamarara, ngā tāpiringa; Mahi: ① He pai mō te pupuri i te pumau matū me te pumau tae o ngā tae; ② Whakapai ake i te marara o ngā tae i roto i ngā kirihou; ③ Tiaki i te hauora o ngā kaiwhakahaere; ④ He tukanga māmā, he ngāwari hoki te huri tae; ⑤ He ma te taiao, ā, kāore e poke i ngā taputapu; ⑥ Penapena wā me ngā rauemi mata.
28. He aha te tikanga o te mana tā tae?
Whakautu: Ko te kaha o ngā tae ki te pā ki te tae o te ranunga katoa ki ō rātou ake tae; Ina whakamahia ngā tae ki ngā hua kirihou, ko tō rātou kaha hipoki e pā ana ki tō rātou kaha ki te aukati i te mārama kia kaua e uru ki roto i te hua.
Wā tuku: 11 Paenga-whāwhā 2024